default

Reading a Counter Example from the Tree martin Wed, 06/20/2012 - 22:29
Topic
trees
Logical System
default
Last altered 6/20/12
A central use for Trees is to produce a counter example to an invalid argument. To do this, you construct a tree with a complete open branch. You will be able to do this for invalid arguments (but not valid ones). Then you run up that branch assigning all atomic formulas True and all negations of atomic formulas False.

 

This software will let you try a few.

 

 

Exercise: Finding a counter-example.

 

Preliminary [Pre-test]

Topic
propositional
Logical System
default
6/20/12

You need to know some propositional logic to be able to understand the tree tutorials to come. In particular, you need to know about the symbols used in propositional logic, truth tables, satisfiability, consistency, and semantic invalidity (by counter example). You do not need to know propositional rules of inference and derivations.

Howson [1997] will give you enough background.

Alternatively you could look at the first five propositional tutorials in Easy Deriver

Review of K Propositional Rules martin Thu, 06/07/2012 - 12:10
Topic
trees
modal
Logical System
default

There are the ordinary (non-modal) tree propositional rules plus

The Modal Negation (MN) rules

 

Review of Additional S5 Propositional Rules martin Thu, 06/07/2012 - 11:25
Topic
trees
modal
Logical System
default


 

◊ S5 world, k, must be new [here the computer will choose for you]

 


 

□ S5 any world, stage 1, your choice

Review of Tree Propositional Rules martin Sat, 06/02/2012 - 16:35
Topic
trees
Logical System
default
6/2/12

Review of Tree Propositional Rules, shown as patterns

Here the letters 'P' and 'Q' are being used to stand for entire well formed formulas (so, on a particular occasion,  'P' might stand for the atomic formula 'F' and, on another occasion, it might stand for the compound formula 'F&G').

Tree Predicate Exercises: Roll your own martin Sat, 06/02/2012 - 11:40
Topic
trees
Logical System
default
6/3/12

You can try your own exercises here.

Here are a few hints

  • You have to use the right (unicode/html) logical symbols. Check Writing symbols
  • The symbols in use here are ~ & ∨ →  

    ≡

Review of Tree Predicate Rules martin Sat, 06/02/2012 - 11:39
Topic
trees
Logical System
default

 

∃D. The constant, a, must be new to the branch [here the computer will choose for you]

 


 

∀D. Any closed term, stage 1, your choice


∀D. Any closed term, stage 2, the constant 'a' chosen

Tree Tutorial 7: Type Labels, Sorts, and Signatures ['Mixed Domains'] martin Fri, 06/01/2012 - 14:43
Topic
sorts
types
Logical System
default
6/6/12

Reading

[These might help, you need only scan them.]

K.H.Blasius et al. eds.[1990] Sorts and Types in Artificial Intelligence
Maria Manzano [1996] Extensions of First-Order Logic
John Sowa [2000] Knowledge Representation

Set Theory (and Russell's Paradox) martin Thu, 05/31/2012 - 14:55
Topic
set theory
trees
Logical System
default
6/5/12

Tutorial

Set theory is an extensive topic introduced elsewhere. It can be written as a first order theory.

There is one axiom schema, Abstraction (or Comprehension), which can generate infinitely many axioms

∀y(yε{x:Φ[x]}≡Φ[y])

Axiom Schema of Abstraction (or Specification or Comprehension). The Set Builder Axiom Schema.

And a number of other axioms

Number Theory and Peano Arithmetic martin Thu, 05/31/2012 - 14:52
Topic
trees
Logical System
default
6/5/12

Tutorial

Notation

It is common in this setting (which is arithmetic) to use  functional terms like s(x), s(1), s(0) to mean the successor of x, 1, and 0, respectively. Equally common is the notation x', 1', and 0' to mean the same thing. The latter is quicker and shorter (though not semi-nmemonic)-- we will use it here.

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