3 <p> a) Cause(b,a) <br> <br>b) Cause(a,c) <br><br>c) Cause(c,b) <br><br> d) Cause(a,b) <br><br> e) ∀x∃yCause(y,x) Whatever x you choose, there is a y that caused it. <br><br> f) ∃y∀xCause(y,x) There is a y such that whatever x you choose y caused it. <br><br> g) ∀x¬Cause(x,x) <br><br> h) ∃x∃y(Cause(x,y)&amp;Cause(y,x)) </p>