2013
To start learning how to symbolize sentences using predicate logic.
There are many valid arguments which cannot be shown to be valid using sentential logic alone. For example,
Beryl is a philosopher.
All philosophers are wise.
Therefore
Beryl is wise.
Beryl is a philosopher.
All philosophers are wise.
Therefore
Beryl is wise.
The very first lesson that we have a right to demand that logic shall teach us is, how to make our ideas clear; and a most important one it is, depreciated only by minds who stand in need of it. To know what we think, to be masters of our own meaning, will make a solid foundation for great and weighty thought. [CS Peirce, How to make our ideas clear]
Welcome!
These web pages provide an introduction to logic to the level of Propositional and Predicate Calculus.
The focus of the program is on arguments and the question of whether they are valid. Arguments have the form <list of premises> ∴<conclusion>. An argument is valid if and only if it is not possible for all its premises to be true and its conclusion false at one and the same time; an argument which is not valid is invalid.
2013
To learn how to use the Universal and Existential Quantifiers in symbolizing propositions.
In Predicate Logic there are two new logical connectives, the Universal Quantifier (∀x) and the Existential Quantifier (∃x). These are used for symbolizing certain English constructions (they also have their own rules of inference and their own semantics, which we will learn about later).
2013
You may have derivations of your own that you wish to try. Just type, paste, or drag and drop, them into the panel, select your derivation, and click 'Start from selection'. [Often copy-and-paste won't work directly from a Web Page; however, usually drag-and-drop will work!]
You will need to use the correct logical symbols. Here they are
F ∴ F ∧ G ∼ ∧ ∨ ⊃ ≡ ∀ ∃ ∴ (or use the palette to produce them)
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